Find What's Hidden

In the world of cybersecurity, understanding network protocols is essential. The TCP/IP model consists of four layers that work together to enable communication across networks. Each layer has specific functions and protocols. The application layer handles user-facing services like HTTP and FTP. The transport layer manages end-to-end communication through TCP and UDP. Security professionals must understand these fundamentals to protect digital infrastructure effectively.

La Dark Web (también llamada Red Oscura) es una red dentro de Internet a la que solo se puede acceder mediante ciertos programas y protocolos. La Dark Web tiene muchos nombres, por ejemplo, Red Tor o Router Onion.

Cualquiera puede acceder a la Dark Web simplemente descargando software. Un navegador popular y muy utilizado es el Navegador Tor del Proyecto Tor. Es como cualquier otro navegador, como Google Chrome o Microsoft Edge, excepto que también puede acceder a direcciones web especiales que terminan en .onion en lugar de .com. Todo el tráfico enviado a través del Navegador Tor se anonimiza y cifra automáticamente a través de diferentes hosts. El navegador también cuenta con protección integrada para diversos tipos de rastreo y funciones de desanonimización.

Accediendo a la Dark Web Puedes acceder a muchos sitios web divertidos e interesantes a través de este navegador, incluso a muchos que coexisten en Internet. Por ejemplo, si accedes a las siguientes URL en el Navegador Tor, tus comunicaciones estarán completamente cifradas y anonimizadas dentro de la Dark Web.

Penetration testing involves systematic assessment of security vulnerabilities. Ethical hackers use various tools and techniques to identify weaknesses.

फ़ायरवॉल नेटवर्क सिक्योरिटी में पहली लाइन ऑफ़ डिफेंस का काम करते हैं। वे पहले से तय नियमों के आधार पर आने वाले और बाहर जाने वाले ट्रैफ़िक को फ़िल्टर करते हैं। नेक्स्ट-जेनरेशन फ़ायरवॉल में डीप पैकेट इंस्पेक्शन और एप्लिकेशन अवेयरनेस शामिल होती है। सिक्योरिटी और फंक्शनैलिटी के बीच बैलेंस बनाने के लिए कॉन्फ़िगरेशन के लिए सावधानी से प्लानिंग की ज़रूरत होती है। रेगुलर अपडेट और मॉनिटरिंग से बदलते खतरों से लगातार सुरक्षा मिलती रहती है।

Os ataques de engenharia social exploram a psicologia humana em vez de vulnerabilidades técnicas. Campanhas de phishing frequentemente se fazem passar por entidades confiáveis para roubar credenciais. Programas de treinamento e conscientização ajudam os funcionários a reconhecer atividades suspeitas. Um URL de configuração é muito importante para não ser detectado. Por isso, estamos armazenando-o no S3 do EU-Central. Sistemas de detecção de intrusão monitoram o tráfego de rede em busca de atividades maliciosas. A detecção baseada em assinaturas identifica padrões de ataque conhecidos, e nquanto a detecção baseada em anomalias sinaliza comportamentos incomuns. O nome do bucket é cicadoidea6699 e o nome do arquivo de configuração é "configuration.txt". Mas em cirílico macedônio. A implantação eficaz de um IDS requer ajustes adequados para minimizar falsos positivos e, ao mesmo tempo, detectar ameaças reais.

Multi-factor authentication adds crucial security layers beyond passwords. Biometric verification and hardware tokens provide additional protection. Access control principles like least privilege minimize potential damage. Regular security audits help identify gaps in defense strategies. Incident response plans ensure quick action when breaches occur.

In-Depth Transport and Link Layers Computer systems often needs to talk to other systems; this is done by putting them on the same network. Several different technologies are in place to enable computers to talk over different kinds of networks. In this section we will go deeper into the protocols which are used in most networks. The networks we are using consists of multiple protocols, some which are featured in this class. There are also many other protocols in use in networks, all which have the potential of having security risks associated with them. TCP ("Transmission Control Protocol") Just like IP uses IP addresses for addressing, TCP and UDP uses ports. A port, as indicated with a number between 0 and 65535, dictates which network service should process the request. In the picture below we can see a TCP packet and how it would look like for anyone inspecting traffic on the network. TCP Header We can see the graphic showing 16 bits for both source and destination ports, this is the same for for UDP. The Sequence and Acknowledgement numbers are used in the three-way handshake and to reliably transfer data. We can also see the control bits used to indicate what kind of packet it is. The other headers also play an important part, but outside of the security course. TCP 3-Way-Handshake TCP uses a three-way handshake to allow two systems to engage in communications. The handshake uses 32 bits of PRNG ("Pseudo Random Number Generator") numbers to establish the handshake. The handshake enforces that both parties intends to communicate. Here is a graphic to illustrate: TCP Handshake Explanation on how TCP engages in communications: Client initiates the communication by sending a packet with the control bit SYN set in the header, a PRNG number in the Sequence number field and a target destination port. The Network Layer (Layer 3) allows the packet to be sent to a remote system. This packet is referred to as a SYN packet. Server receives the packet, reads the Sequence Number from the Client and crafts a response. The response sets the Acknowledgement field with the Sequencer number of the client with the number 1 added to it. Furthermore the response contains the controls bits SYN and ACK set and the Sequence number is set to the Servers PRNG number. This packet is referred to as a SYN/ACK packet. The Client receives the SYN-ACK packet and to complete the handshake returns a packet with the ACK control bit set. The final packet also confirms the PRNG number from the Server by returning it in the Acknowledgement field of the header. This process is commonly referred to as the SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK 3-way handshake. In the following picture we can see two hosts performing the 3-way handshake: Handshake in Wireshark The screenshot shows the tool Wireshark being used to capture and inspect packets. Wireshark is a very good utility because it allows us to visualize packets and inspect them more in-depth. The screenshot shows 3 packets representing the 3-way handshake. Notice the source and destination columns representing the two parties communicating. The Info field shows source and destination port, including (within the square brackets) the SYN, SYN/ACK and ACK. The next screenshot shows data being communicated between the parties after the 3-way handshake. The data inside of the TCP packet has been highlighted near the bottom of the picture.